Cassava Cultivation

I. TERM GROWTH

1.1. Climate

a) the amount of rainfall that is suitable for cassava plants between 1500-2500 mm / year.
b) minimum temperature for the growth of cassava kohon about 10 degrees C. If the temperature below 10 degrees C causes a bit stunted plant growth, a stunted because of the growth rates of less than perfect.
c) the optimal humidity for cassava plants between 60-65%.
d) The sun is needed for cassava plants about 10 hours / day, especially for fertility, leaf and tuber development.

1.2. Media Plant

a) the most suitable land for cassava is ground crumb structure, loose, not too tough and not too axle and rich organic material. Crumb structure of soil with a good air system, nutrients more easily available and easily processed. For the cassava plant growth better, the land must be fertile and rich in organic materials both macro and mikronya elements.
b) type of land suitable for cassava plant is the kind of alluvial latosol, red podsolik yellow, Mediterranean, and andosol grumosol.
c) The degree of acidity (pH) of land suitable for cassava cultivation ranged between 4,5-8,0 with an ideal pH 5.8. In general, land in Indonesia had a low pH (acid), which ranged 4,0-5,5, which often is enough for proliferation neutral cassava plants.

1.3. Altitude Venue

Altitude is a good place and ideal for cassava plants between 10-700 m above sea level, while the tolerance between 10-1500 m above sea level. Certain types of cassava can be planted in a certain altitude to be able to grow optimally.

II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

2.1. Seedling

2.1.1. Seed Requirements

Good seed for planting sweet potatoes must meet the following requirements:
a) Cassava trees derived from the parent plant is quite old (10-12 months).
b) Cassava trees should be with normal growth and healthy and uniform.
c) have woody trunk and 2.5 cm in diameter + straight.
d) Not to grow new shoots.

2.1.2. Seed Preparation

Preparation of cassava seeds include the following:
a) Seeds of stem cuttings.
b) As select stem cuttings until the middle of the bottom.
c) After the cuttings elected then tied, each numbering between 25-30 tie rod slips.
d) All bonds required cuttings, and then transported to the planting location.

2.2. Media Processing Plant

2.2.1. Preparation

Activities that need to be done before the land is:
a) Measurement of soil pH is done by using litmus paper, pH meters and pH tester fluid.
b) analyzing the samples of soil or soil sample that will be planted to determine the availability of nutrients, organic matter content.
c) Determination of the schedule / time of planting closely related to the time of harvest. This needs to be calculated with the assumption of time planting with other crops (intercropping), so that both can produce several variations of a similar plant.
d) area of capital investment and tailored to the needs of each cassava farmers. Production volume settings are also considered important because it is closely related to the expected price at harvest and market. If at the time of harvest price will be dropped because the central area of planting will occur harvest production volume is set to a minimum.

2.2.2. Opening and Cleaning Land

Land clearing is essentially clear land of all kinds of weeds (plant bullying) and the roots before planting. The purpose of land clearing to facilitate plant roots grow and eliminate host plants for pests and diseases that may exist. Plowing is done by cattle, such as buffalo, cow, or even with a tractor engine.

Cultivation done on the sides of the hard to reach, the moor land which is relatively more narrow area by means of hoes and rakes tool to land ready for planting.

2.2.3. The formation of beds

Beds are made at the time the land was 70% of the settlement stage. Beds or pelarikan done to facilitate the planting, according to the desired size. Formation beds / fly is intended to facilitate the maintenance of plants, such as clearing weeds and healthy plant growth.

2.2.4. Calcification

To raise the pH of the soil, especially on land that is very sour / gembut land, need to be Calcification. Type of lime used is limestone calcite / kaptan (CaCO3). Dose used for Calcification is 1-2,5 tons / ha. Calcification was given at the time of the hijacking or the formation of coarse beds along with provision of manure.

2.3. Planting Technique

2.3.1. Determination of Planting Pattern

Patterns of plants should take into account the season and rainfall. In the field of land / dry, planting time is the best beginning of rainy season or after planting rice. Spacing commonly used in the monoculture pattern there are several alternatives, ie 100 X 100 cm, 100 X 60 X 100 cm or 40 cm. When planting pattern with intercropping system could spacing 150 x 100 cm or 300 x 150 cm.

2.3.2. Cara Planting

How to sharpen the planting is done by the end of cassava cuttings and planted 5-10 cm deep or less than a third of the slips buried in the ground. If the soil hard / heavy and juicy / moist, shallow planted cuttings.

2.4. Plant Maintenance

2.4.1. Stitching

To seed the dead / abnormal stitching is done soon, by the way pulled and replaced with new seedlings / backup. Seedlings or young plants that die must be replaced or embroidered. In general, farmers and businessmen to replace plants that die with the rest of the existing seed. Seedlings should be a good sampler is also a healthy plant and on time for planting. Stitching is done in the morning or late afternoon, when the weather is not too hot. When stitching is the first week and second week after planting. When stitching that passes through the third week after planting resulted in a striking difference in growth between the first and crop plants embroidery.

2.4.2. Weeding

Weeding aims to remove all types of grass / weed / nuisance (weeds) that live around the plant. In at least one planting season is 2 (two) times weeding.

2.4.3. Pembubunan

Pembubunan way done with the soil around the plant and after it was made like guludan. Time can pembubunan weeding the same time, this can save costs. If the soil around the plants a tree Ketela eroded due to rain or exposed to water spray so that needs to be done pembubunan / on cover with soil so that roots are not visible.

2.4.4. Trimming

In Cassava plants need to be trimming trees / removal of shoots for a minimum of every branch of the tree must have 2 or 3 branches. This is so the tree can be used as seed again in the next planting season.

2.4.5. Fertilizing

Fertilization is done with the balanced fertilization system between N, P, K with a dose of Urea = 133-200 kg, TSP = 60-100 kg and KCl = 120-200 kg. Fertilizers were given at the time of planting with a dose of N: P: K = 1 / 3: 1: 1 / 3 (basic fertilization) and at 2-3 months old plants of the remaining doses of N: P: K = 2 / 3: 0: 2 / 3.

2.4.6. Irrigation and Watering

Cassava land conditions of the initial tree planting until the age of 4-5 months + in a state should always be moist, not too muddy. On dry land needs to be done watering and irrigation from the nearest water source. Irrigation during the dry season by going straight flush, but this can damage the soil. A good system used is the system so that water can pool up to the roots of catchment areas. Watering with a pool system can be done every two weeks and for all given based on need.

2.4.7. Pesticide Spraying time

Types and doses adjusted to the type of pesticide illness. Pesticide spraying is best done on the morning after the dew is lost or in the afternoon. Pesticide doses adjusted to pests and diseases, well read on the label dose use of drugs used brands. If pests and diseases of the savagely attacked the dose of pesticide will be more but its use must be careful because the beneficial insects to die.

2.5. Pests and Diseases

2.5.1. Pests

a) Uret (Xylenthropus)
Feature: be in the roots of the plant. Symptoms: plants die at a young age wrote, because the roots were damaged stems and tubers. Control: clean the remnants of organic matter at planting and / or mixing at sevin land.

b) red mite (Tetranychus bimaculatus)
Feature: attack on the lower surface of leaves by sucking the liquid leaves. Symptoms: leaves will become dry. Control: plant varieties tolerant and a lot of water spray.

2.5.2. Disease

a) bacterial leaf spots
Cause: Xanthomonas manihotis or Cassava Bacterial Blight / CBG. Symptoms: angled spots on the leaves and then move and cause the leaves and eventually die. Control: planting resistant varieties, cut or destroy diseased plant parts, to crop rotation and sanitation garden

b) Withered bacteria (Pseudomonas solanacearum EF Smith)
Characteristics: living in the leaves, roots and stems. Symptoms: leaves suddenly wilted like scalded. Roots, stems and tubers to rot immediately. Control: to crop rotation, planting resistant varieties such as Adira 1, 2 and Muara Adira, make the removal and destruction of sick plants.

c) brown leaf spots (Cercospora heningsii)
Cause: The fungi that live in the leaf. Symptoms: leaves, brown spots, dry, round holes small and dead leaf tissue. Control: to widening spacing, planting resistant varieties, pruning diseased leaves and make a garden sanitation.

d) concentric leaf spots (Phoma phyllostica)
Cause: The fungus that lives on leaves. Symptoms: the existence of small patches and spots, especially on young leaves. Controlling the distance of planting, a garden sanitation and pruning diseased parts of plants.

2.5.3. Weeds

System weeding / cleaning thoroughly and gulmanya burned / buried in the way farmers are able to suppress the tree Ketela weed growth. However, weeds still grow in the ditches / drains and the planting hole.

Special weed belong puzzle (Cyperus sp.) Can be in fight with manual weeding done by 2-3 times permusim planting. Weeding is done until the roots of uprooted trees. Chemically with the spraying of herbicides such as 2,4-D group and the sulfonyl urea amen. Spraying should be done with caution.

While other types of weeds are weeds that are found in the planting hole or in the gutter / ditch. Type of grass weeds is often found bones of grass (Eleusine indica), tuton (Echinochloa colona), grintingan grass (Cynodon dactilon), black grass (Paspalum distichum), and the digger Sunduk grass (Digitaria ciliaris). Eradication of weeds from the grass type is done by manual weeding and spraying of herbicides such a narrow spectrum 120 EW Rumpas concentration 1,0-1,5 ml / liter.

2.6. Harvest

2.6.1. Characteristics and Age Harvest

Sweet potatoes can be harvested at lower leaf growth begins to decline. Color leaves begin to turn yellow and fall off much. Age harvest cassava plant has reached 6-8 months for the varieties Genjah and 9-12 months for the varieties.

2.6.2. How to Harvest

Sweet potatoes are harvested by pulling the stems and tubers were left was taken with a hoe or fork the soil.

2.7. Harvest

2.7.1. Collecting

The crop is collected in a strategic location, safe and easily accessible by transit.

2.7.2. Sorting and classification

The selection or sorting cassava tubers can actually be done at the time of removal took place. However, cassava tubers sorting can be done after all the trees removed and stored in one place. Sorting done to choose a colored bulbs from the skin looks clean, fresh tubers as well as the disabled, especially seen from the large size of the tubers and black spots / stripes on the tuber flesh.

2.7.3. Storage

How to store the crop is cassava tubers in the following way:
a) Make a hole in the ground for storage of fresh cassava tubers are. Hole size is adjusted by the number of tubers that will be saved.
b) Cover the hole with straw or leaves, for example with jackfruit leaves or cassava leaves itself.
c) Enter the cassava tubers are structured and organized in a layered and each layer covered with fresh leaves of the above or straw.
d) Finally Hide hole containing cassava tubers until the hole closed convex surface, and this storage system is durable and made fresh tubers like the original.

2.7.4. Packaging and Transportation

Cassava tubers packaging intended to protect bulbs from damage during the transportation. For inter-city market / domestic packaged and included in gunny sacks or bamboo baskets to keep them fresh. Especially for inter-island market and exported, cassava tubers usually is packaged in the form of dried cassava or tapioca flour used. The packaging can then be stored in a cardboard or plastic-plastic in various sizes, according to producer demand.

Once packed cassava tuber in fresh form or in the form of dried cassava or tapioca transported by transportation means both traditional and modern to the consumer, both domestic and abroad.